GTM for Student

                                    

STANDARD COMPETENCY

Understanding prefix and suffix

BASIC COMPETENCY

- Identifying text to find  prefix and suffix

- Getting the general information about prefix and suffix

INDICATOR

-Identifying the meaning of  text

-Identifying the grammar, vocabulary that use to find prefix and suffix.

                     TEACHING-LEARNING OBJECTIVES     :

                                 -Students are able to understand changes in prefix and suffix

            - Students are able to identifying the generic structure of  text and the right grammar

Application of GTM

1.      The class is reading  passage Article Development  and technological advancement.

2.      Student translate the passage ( 20' ) 

3.      Lecturer  explain the material after they read and  understand  the text.

4.      Lecturer gives the task as an exercise and ask them to find the prefixes and suffixes in the text /  passage Article Development  and technological advancement.

5.      Students write out the answer.

6.      Lecturer decide whether an answer is it correct or not.

7.      Students translate new word.

8.      Student comprehend the tenses that inflectional suffixes can change the grammatical  properties of a word within its syntactic category ( 50' ) 
9.      Lecturer gives a new task sheet as a material of value taking. ( 20' )

ARTICLE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT

The development of this technology now has many remarkable progress shows. Many thingsof the life sector who have used the existence of the technology itself. Its presence has provided a considerable impact on the lives of human beings in various aspects and dimensions. Such is the case with communications technology that is the hardware equipment in the organizational structure that contains the value of the social that allow individuals to collect, process and exchange information (according to the Rogers,1986).Circumstances,  where a technology capable to change something that is not necessarily can be made into a reality. For example, if the first person cannot speak with others who are in a place that is far away, then after the phone people can talk without limits of time and distance.

From this, again with the discovery of various simple devices, ranging from analog-basedphones, developed and developing, continue to appear a variety of other electronic devices.Until these technologies integrate with each other. Existing communication technology is an answer of the times. This happens because of growing forward a human civilization then technology will continue to undergo development to align patterns developing era of mankinditself.

1. The notion of communication technology and information technology

According to Rogers,1986 technology is hardware equipment in the organizational structurethat contains the value of the social that allow individuals to collect, process and exchange information (in the quotation from the lecture material development of communication technology, Jamroji s. Sos: p. 1). It can be said that communications technology is a new discovery in the aspect of life where each individual can use, access, and provide all the information to other people universally. While according to Ely, 1982 is the information technology, namely including communication systems such as direct broadcast satellite,interactive two-way cable, broadcasting on low-powered9low-power broadcasting),computers (including personal-computer handheld computer and a new one), and television (including video discs and video cassete tape), (quoted from communication technologies in perspective Background & development, Zulkarimein Nasution. 1989:5). Between communication technologies with information technology itself are actually intertwined. But still there is the side that distinguish between the two.

2. Development of communication technology

At this time the need for technology, information and telecommunications technology was very high from the start to the middle to the bottom and the middle to the top. All individualsdesperately need technology to accelerate development or improving the construction ofboth individual and group development. The development of technology which is currently very quickly is the communications technology, which presents a selection of form stechnology and sophistication.

Development of the communication itself is actually in line with the life and existence ofmankind itself. There are four main determinant point in the history of human communication. According to Nordenstreng and Varis (1973) are:

1. Acquisition (aquisition) language that is at the same time with the birth of a human being.

2. the development of the art of writing with a communication based on the talk.

3.reproduction of the written word (written words) by using the alt printer, allowing the realization of mass communication.

4. the advent of electronic communications, ranging from the Telegraph, telephone, radio, television, up to the satellite.

(quoted from communication technologies in perspective Background & development,Zulkarimein Nasution. 1989:15). According to Alvin Toffler there are three civilizations in the development of the technology itself that is, the age of the agriculture, industry and the last days of the age of information (cited from communication technologies in perspective Background & development, Zulkarimein Nasution.1989: p. 2).

Previous just scratch the back, that the actual communications technology itself has emerged since pre-historic Times. Where at that time were already able to use a form of communication. But the form is still very simple. For example forms limited the movement ofthe tool body, as the language of images sounds of bones and so on. But even so, it has been regarded as a form of communication that are appropriate at the time.

Further development has been a little progress a step better, for example in pictograf forms of communication used by the Sumerians, Hierogliph by the Ancient Egypt. 

⚫ Noun suffixes

⚫ Adjective suffixes

⚫ Plural

⚫ Prefix

⚫ Tenses

Prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes and suffixes are sets of latters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.

Prefixes

Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For example: 

Word	prefix	new word
happy	un-	unhappy
cultural	multi-	multicultural
work	over-	overwork
space	cyber-	cyberspace
market	super-	supermarket

Suffixes

Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word.

Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional suffixes) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence or a grammatical suffix.

Examples

Some examples in European languages:

Girls, where the suffix -s marks the plural.

He makes, where suffix -s marks the third person singular present tense.

It closed, where the suffix -ed marks the past tense.

De beaux jours, where the suffix -x marks the plural.

Elle est passablement jolie, where the suffix -e marks the feminine form of the adjective.

                    Inflectional suffixes

                                Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word wihin its syntactic                                         category. In the example:

                                 I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit.

                                  The suffix -ed inflects the root-word fade to indicate past tense. Inflectional                                           suffixes do not change the word class of the word after inflection. Inflection                                                    suffixes in modern English include:

·         -s third person singular present

·         -ed past tense

·         -t past tense

·         -ing progressive/continuous

·         -en past participle

·         -s plural

·         -en plural (irregular)

·         -er comparative

·         -est superlative

·         -n't negative 

Derivation

                                      Derivational suffixes can be devided into two categories: class-changing                                            derivation and class-maintaining derivation. In English, they include

·         -ise/-ize (usually changes nouns into verbs)

·         -fy (usually changes nouns into verbs)

·         -ly (usually changes adjectives into adverbs)

·         -ful (usually changes nouns into adjectives)

·         -able/-ible (usually changes verbs into adjectives)

·         -hood (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)

·         -ess (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)

·         -ness (usually changes adjectives into nouns)

·         -less (usually changes nouns into adjectives)

·         -ism (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)

·         -ment (usually changes verbs into nouns)

·         -ist (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)

·         -al (usually changes nouns into adjectives)

·     -ish (usually changes nouns into adjectives/ class-maintaining, with the word class remaining an adjective)

·         -ity (usually changes adjectives into nouns)

·         -tion (usually changes verbs into noun)

·         -logy/-ology (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)

Conclusion

   Lack of students understanding of material. Especially on material inflectional suffixes

METHOD IN USE

GTM

Typical technique of GTM : 

1. Translation of a literary passage 

Student translate a reading passage then focus for several  classes: vocabulary andstructure in passage.

2. Reading comprehension question

Reading information in a text/passage , making inferences and relating to personal experience. student answer questions in the targe based on their understanding  of the reading passage.

3. Deductive Application of Rule

Understanding grammar rules and their execptions. Grammar rules are presented  with example.

4. Use words in sentences

Sentences creating , in order to show that student understand he meaning and use of a new vocabulary item, they make up sentences  in which they use in the new words.